nEXT gENERATION OF mOBILES : 5G

What is 5G Technology?

5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is a term used in some research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G is also referred to as beyond 2020 mobile communications technologies. 5G does not describe any particular specification in any official document published by any telecommunication standardization body.

A new mobile generation has appeared approximately every 10th year since the first 1G system, Nordic Mobile Telephone, was introduced in 1981. The first 2G system started to roll out in 1992, the first 3G system first appeared in 2001 and 4G systems fully compliant with IMT Advanced were standardised in 2012. The development of the 2G (GSM) and 3G (IMT-2000 and UMTS) standards took about 10 years from the official start of the R&D projects, and development of 4G systems started in 2001 or 2002. Predecessor technologies have occurred on the market a few years before the new mobile generation, for example the pre-3G system CdmaOne/IS95 in the US in 1995, and the pre-4G systems Mobile WiMAX in South-Korea 2006, and first release-LTE in Scandinavia 2009.

Mobile generations typically refer to nonbackwards-compatible cellular standards following requirements stated by ITU-R, such as IMT- 2000 for 3G and IMT-Advanced for 4G. In parallel with the development of the ITU-R mobile generations, IEEE and other standardisation bodies also develop wireless communication technologies, often for higher data rates and higher frequencies but shorter transmission ranges. The first gigabit IEEE standard was wigig or IEEE 802.11ac, commercially available since 2013, soon to be followed by the multi gigabit standard IEEE 802.11ad.

If 5G appears, and reflects these prognoses, the major difference from a user point of view between 4G and 5G techniques must be something else than increased peak bit rate; for example higher number of simultaneously connected devices, higher system spectral efficiency (data volume per area unit), lower battery consumption, lower outage probability (better coverage), high bit rates in larger portions of the coverage area, lower latencies, higher number of supported devices, lower infrastructure deployment costs, higher versatility and scalability or higher reliability of communications. Those are the objectives in several of the research papers and projects below.

Key Research Work

Key concepts suggested in scientific papers discussing 5G and beyond 4G wireless communications are:

• Massive Dense Networks also known as Massive Distributed MIMO providing green flexible small cells 5G Green Dense Small Cells. A transmission point equipped with a very large number of antennas that simultaneously serve multiple users. With massive MIMO multiple messages for several terminals can be transmitted on the same time-frequency resource, maximising beamforming gain while minimising interference.

• Advanced interference and mobility management, achieved with the cooperation of different transmission points with overlapped coverage, and encompassing the option of a flexible usage of resources for uplink and downlink transmission in each cell, the option of direct device-to-device transmission and advanced interference cancellation techniques.

• Efficient support of machine-type devices to enable the Internet of Things with potentially higher numbers of connected devices, as well as novel applications such as mission critical control or traffic safety, requiring reduced latency and enhanced reliability.
• Group cooperative relay: A major issue in beyond 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell,especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by cellularrepeaters and macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, as well as by beam division multiple access(BDMA). The usage of millimetre wave frequencies (e.g. up to 90 GHz) for wireless backhaul and/or access (IEEE rather than ITU generations).
• Pervasive networks providing Internet of things, wireless sensor networks and ubiquitous computing: The user can simultaneously be connected to several wireless access technologies and seamlessly move between them. These access technologies can be 2.5G, 3G, 4G, or 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi, WPAN, or any other future access technology. In 5G, the concept may be further developed into multiple concurrent data transfer paths.
• Multi-hop networks: A major issue in beyond 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by cellular repeaters and macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, where also users could be potential cooperative nodes thanks to the use of direct device-to-device (D2D) communications.
• Cognitive radio technology, also known as smart-radio: allowing different radio technologies to share the same spectrum efficiently by adaptively finding unused spectrum and adapting the transmission scheme to the requirements of the technologies currently sharing the spectrum. This dynamic radio resource management is achieved in a distributed fashion, and relies on softwaredefined radio.
• Dynamic AdhocWireless Networks (DAWN), essentially identical to Mobile ad hoc network (MANET),Wireless mesh network(WMN) or wireless grids, combined with smart antennas, cooperative diversity and flexible modulation.
• Vandermonde-subspace frequency division multiplexing (VFDM):a modulation scheme to allow the co-existence of macro-cells and cognitive radio small-cells in a two-tiered LTE/4G network. IPv6, where a visiting care-of mobile IP address is assigned according to location and connected network.
• Wearable devices with AI capabilities such as smartwatches and optical head-mounted displays for augmented reality.
• One unified global standard.
   
• Real wireless world with no more limitation with access and zone issues.
• User centric (or cell phone developer initiated) network concept instead of operator-initiated (as in 1G) or system developer initiated (as in 2G, 3G and 4G) standards

• Li-Fi, or light fidelity, is a massive MIMO visible light communication network to advance 5G. Li-Fi uses light-emitting diodes to transmit data, rather than radio waves like Wi-Fi.
   
• World wide wireless web (WWWW), i.e. comprehensive wirelessbased web applications that include full multimedia capability beyond 4G speeds.

Features of 5G

• 5G technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user and bi- directional large bandwidth shaping.
• The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more attractive and effective.
• 5G technology also providing subscriber supervision tools for fast action.
• The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error.
•  technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which supporting almost 65,000 connections.
• 5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.
• The traffic statistics by 5G technology makes it more accurate.
• Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and fast solution.
• The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.
• The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed.
• The 5G technology also support virtual private network.
• The new 5G technology will take all delivery service out of businesS prospect.
• The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touching the peak.
• The 5G technology network offering enhanced and available connectivity
  just about the world. 

 Protocol Stack of 5G

Comparison with the OSI model:

 Open Wireless Architecture (OWA):

Physical layer + Data link layer = OWA

• OSI layer 1, i.e. Physical layer & OSI layer 2, i.e. Data link layer define the wireless technology.

• For these two layers the 5G mobile network is likely to be based on Open Wireless Architecture (OWA). 

Network Layer: 

• All mobile networks will use mobile IP.
• Each mobile terminal will be FA (Foreign Agent).
• A mobile can be attached to several mobiles or wireless networks at the same time.
• The fixed IPv6 will be implemented in the mobile phones.
• Separation of network layer into two sub-layers:
  • Lower Network Layer
  • Upper Network Layer

 Open Transport Protocol (OTP):

Transport layer + Session layer = OTP

• Wireless network differs from wired network regarding the transport layer.
• In all TCP versions the assumption is that lost segments are due to network congestion.
• In wireless, the loss is due to higher bit error ratio in the radio interface.
• 5G mobile terminals have transport layer that is possible to be downloaded & installed which is based on Open Transport Protocol.

Application Layer:

Presentation layer + Application layer = Application layer (5G)

• Provides intelligent QoS (Quality of Service) management over variety of networks.
• Provides possibility for service quality testing & storage of measurement information in information database in the mobile terminal.
• Select the best wireless connection for given services.
• QoS parameters, such as, delay, losses, BW, reliability, will be stored in DB (Database) of 5G mobile.

 

India launches its first mission to Mars on Tuesday, aiming to become the only Asian nation to reach the Red Planet with a programme designed to showcase its low-cost space technology.

A rocket carrying a 1.35-tonne unmanned probe will blast off at 02:38pm (0908 GMT) from the Sriharikota spaceport off the southeast coast, beginning a 300-day journey to study the Martian atmosphere.

The spacecraft will also collect scientific information about the planet's atmosphere and surface.

The Mangalyaan probe was set to launch on 28 October, but rough weather condition in the Pacific delayed the process by a week. If the mission succeeds, ISRO will become the fourth space agency, after those in the U.S., Europe and Russia to have successfully sent a spacecraft to Mars.

The golden-coloured probe, about the size of a small car or very large refrigerator, has been hurriedly assembled and will be carried by a rocket much smaller than American or Russian equivalents. Lacking the power to fly directly, the 350-tonne launch vehicle will orbit earth for nearly a month, building up the necessary velocity to break free from our planet's gravitational pull.

Only then will it begin the second stage of its nine-month journey which will test India's scientists to the full, five years after they sent a probe called Chandrayaan to the moon.

NASA, which will launch its own probe to study Mars on November 18, is helping ISRO with communications. Two ships stationed in the Pacific will also assist with monitoring.

graphics.h in Ubuntu 13.04

While studying in my final year, I had to deal with Graphics Lab. I was working on a program that used the library file "graphics.h". I tried to compile the program using g++ compiler with following code.

g++ midpointcircle.cpp -lgraph

But unfortunately it didn't work. It produced some kind of error. I googled the error and came to know that graphics.h is not available in the standard g++ library.

So, what's the solution.
You need to install some extra packages.
1. Run the following command in the terminal to install necessary tools.
     sudo apt-get install build-essential


2. Then install some extra packages using the command
  sudo apt-get install libsdl-image1.2 libsdl-image1.2-dev guile-1.8 guile-1.8-dev libaudiofile-dev libesd0-dev libdirectfb-dev libdirectfb-extra libfreetype6-dev libxext-dev x11proto-xext-dev libfreetype6 libaa1 libaa1-dev libslang2-dev libasound2 libasound-dev

3. Download the package "libgraph-1.0.2.tar.gz" from the given link :
download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/libgraph/
4. Extract the package to the Home Folder

5. Run the following commands to install the package
cd libgraph-1.0.2
./configure
sudo make
sudo make install
sudo cp /usr/local/lib/libgraph.* /usr/lib


Now the installation is complete.

Try executing the file again
g++ midpointcircle.cpp -lgraph

I hope it works!!!

NASA's next mission-------send astronauts to asteroids!!!!!!!!!!!



This file image released by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory on Monday, July 18, 2011 shows the asteroid Vesta, photographed by the Dawn spacecraft on July 17, 2011. The image was taken from a distance of about 9,500 miles (15,000 kilometers) away.



With the space shuttle now history, NASA's next great mission is so audacious, the agency's best minds are wrestling with how to

The challenges are innumerable. Some old-timers are grousing about it, saying going back to the moon makes more sense. But many NASA brains are thrilled to have such an improbable assignment.

And NASA leaders say civilization may depend on it.

An asteroid is a giant space rock that orbits the sun, like Earth. And someday one might threaten the planet.

But sending people to one won't be easy. You can't land on an asteroid because you'd bounce off - it has virtually no gravity. Reaching it might require a NASA spacecraft to harpoon it. Heck, astronauts couldn't even walk on it because they'd float away.

NASA is thinking about jetpacks, tethers, bungees, nets and spiderwebs to allow explorers to float just above the surface of it while attached to a smaller mini-spaceship.
Such a ship - something like a "Star Trek" shuttlecraft melded with a deep sea explorer with pincer-like arms- is needed just to get within working distance of the rock. That craft would have to be big enough for astronauts to live in for a week or two. They'd still need a larger habitat for the long term.
It would take half a year to reach an asteroid, based on current possible targets. The deep space propulsion system to fly such a distance isn't perfected yet. Football-field-sized solar panels would help, meaning the entire mothership complex would be fairly large. It would have to protect the space travelers from killer solar and cosmic ray bursts. And, they would need a crew capsule, maybe two, for traveling between the asteroid complex and Earth.

And all those parts - mini-spaceship, habitat/living area, crew capsule, solar arrays and propulsion system - would have to be linked together in the middle of space, assembled in a way like the International Space Station but on a smaller scale.

Beyond all those obstacles, NASA doesn't even know which asteroid would be the best place to visit.

 pull it off: Send astronauts to an asteroid in less than 15 years.

The story begins with why NASA would want to go to an asteroid. The agency has sent small spacecraft off to study asteroids over the years and even landed on one in 2001. Just last week, a space probe began orbiting a huge asteroid called Vesta, which lies beyond Mars.

Scientifically, an asteroid is a remnant from the birth of the solar system, offering clues about how our planetary system began. Logistically, NASA wants to go to Mars, but that is distant and more difficult. So the argument is that going to an asteroid is a better testing ground than returning to the moon.

The reason NASA Administrator Charles Bolden and others give is that this mission could save civilization. Every 100 million years or so an asteroid 6 miles wide - the type that killed off the dinosaurs- smacks Earth.

If NASA can get astronauts to an asteroid, they can figure out a way of changing a potential killer's orbit.

If you are going to reroute a killer asteroid, first you have to know one is coming and where it is now. And that's also a problem for NASA's mission. Astronomers figure there are about 50,000 asteroids and comets larger than 300 feet in diameter and they only know where fewer than 1 percent of them are, Yeomans said. NASA is focusing on rocks that size or larger that would come relatively close to Earth in the 2025 time frame.

At the moment, there are only a handful of asteroid options and they all have names like 1999AO10 or 2009OS5. NASA deputy exploration chief Laurie Leshin figures NASA will have to come up with, not just more targets, but better names. Getting to one will be even tougher.

Huge powerful rockets are needed to launch spacecraft and parts out of Earth orbit. NASA promises to announce its design idea for these rockets by the end of the summer and Congress has ordered that they be built by 2016. It will take two or three or maybe even more launches of these unnamed rockets to get all the needed parts into space.

The crew capsule is the farthest along because NASA is using the Orion crew ship it was already designing for the now dead moon mission and repurposing it for deep space. NASA has already spent $5 billion on Orion.

Once in space, the ship needs a propulsion system to get it to the asteroid. One way is to use traditional chemical propulsion, but that would require carrying lots of hard-to-store fuel and creation of a new storage system.

Another way is to use ion propulsion, which is efficient and requires less fuel, but it is enormously slow to rev up and gain speed. It would also require an electrical ignition source, thus the giant solar power wings.

If NASA goes to ion propulsion, the best bet would be to start the bulk of the ship on a trip to and around the moon without astronauts. That would take a while, but if no one is on it, it doesn't matter, Joosten said. Then when that ship is far from Earth, astronauts aboard Orion would dock and join the rest of the trip. By this time, the ship would have picked up sufficient speed and keep on accelerating.

Orion isn't big enough for four astronauts to live on for a year. They would need a larger space habitat, a place where they can exercise to keep from losing bone strength in zero gravity. They would need a place to store food, sleep and most importantly a storm shelter to protect them from potentially deadly and radiation-loaded solar flares.

Much of the habitat could be inflatable, launched in a lightweight form, and inflated in space. On Friday, NASA announced a competition among four universities to design potential exploration habitats.