nEXT gENERATION OF mOBILES : 5G

What is 5G Technology?

5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is a term used in some research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G is also referred to as beyond 2020 mobile communications technologies. 5G does not describe any particular specification in any official document published by any telecommunication standardization body.

A new mobile generation has appeared approximately every 10th year since the first 1G system, Nordic Mobile Telephone, was introduced in 1981. The first 2G system started to roll out in 1992, the first 3G system first appeared in 2001 and 4G systems fully compliant with IMT Advanced were standardised in 2012. The development of the 2G (GSM) and 3G (IMT-2000 and UMTS) standards took about 10 years from the official start of the R&D projects, and development of 4G systems started in 2001 or 2002. Predecessor technologies have occurred on the market a few years before the new mobile generation, for example the pre-3G system CdmaOne/IS95 in the US in 1995, and the pre-4G systems Mobile WiMAX in South-Korea 2006, and first release-LTE in Scandinavia 2009.

Mobile generations typically refer to nonbackwards-compatible cellular standards following requirements stated by ITU-R, such as IMT- 2000 for 3G and IMT-Advanced for 4G. In parallel with the development of the ITU-R mobile generations, IEEE and other standardisation bodies also develop wireless communication technologies, often for higher data rates and higher frequencies but shorter transmission ranges. The first gigabit IEEE standard was wigig or IEEE 802.11ac, commercially available since 2013, soon to be followed by the multi gigabit standard IEEE 802.11ad.

If 5G appears, and reflects these prognoses, the major difference from a user point of view between 4G and 5G techniques must be something else than increased peak bit rate; for example higher number of simultaneously connected devices, higher system spectral efficiency (data volume per area unit), lower battery consumption, lower outage probability (better coverage), high bit rates in larger portions of the coverage area, lower latencies, higher number of supported devices, lower infrastructure deployment costs, higher versatility and scalability or higher reliability of communications. Those are the objectives in several of the research papers and projects below.

Key Research Work

Key concepts suggested in scientific papers discussing 5G and beyond 4G wireless communications are:

• Massive Dense Networks also known as Massive Distributed MIMO providing green flexible small cells 5G Green Dense Small Cells. A transmission point equipped with a very large number of antennas that simultaneously serve multiple users. With massive MIMO multiple messages for several terminals can be transmitted on the same time-frequency resource, maximising beamforming gain while minimising interference.

• Advanced interference and mobility management, achieved with the cooperation of different transmission points with overlapped coverage, and encompassing the option of a flexible usage of resources for uplink and downlink transmission in each cell, the option of direct device-to-device transmission and advanced interference cancellation techniques.

• Efficient support of machine-type devices to enable the Internet of Things with potentially higher numbers of connected devices, as well as novel applications such as mission critical control or traffic safety, requiring reduced latency and enhanced reliability.
• Group cooperative relay: A major issue in beyond 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell,especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by cellularrepeaters and macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, as well as by beam division multiple access(BDMA). The usage of millimetre wave frequencies (e.g. up to 90 GHz) for wireless backhaul and/or access (IEEE rather than ITU generations).
• Pervasive networks providing Internet of things, wireless sensor networks and ubiquitous computing: The user can simultaneously be connected to several wireless access technologies and seamlessly move between them. These access technologies can be 2.5G, 3G, 4G, or 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi, WPAN, or any other future access technology. In 5G, the concept may be further developed into multiple concurrent data transfer paths.
• Multi-hop networks: A major issue in beyond 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by cellular repeaters and macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, where also users could be potential cooperative nodes thanks to the use of direct device-to-device (D2D) communications.
• Cognitive radio technology, also known as smart-radio: allowing different radio technologies to share the same spectrum efficiently by adaptively finding unused spectrum and adapting the transmission scheme to the requirements of the technologies currently sharing the spectrum. This dynamic radio resource management is achieved in a distributed fashion, and relies on softwaredefined radio.
• Dynamic AdhocWireless Networks (DAWN), essentially identical to Mobile ad hoc network (MANET),Wireless mesh network(WMN) or wireless grids, combined with smart antennas, cooperative diversity and flexible modulation.
• Vandermonde-subspace frequency division multiplexing (VFDM):a modulation scheme to allow the co-existence of macro-cells and cognitive radio small-cells in a two-tiered LTE/4G network. IPv6, where a visiting care-of mobile IP address is assigned according to location and connected network.
• Wearable devices with AI capabilities such as smartwatches and optical head-mounted displays for augmented reality.
• One unified global standard.
   
• Real wireless world with no more limitation with access and zone issues.
• User centric (or cell phone developer initiated) network concept instead of operator-initiated (as in 1G) or system developer initiated (as in 2G, 3G and 4G) standards

• Li-Fi, or light fidelity, is a massive MIMO visible light communication network to advance 5G. Li-Fi uses light-emitting diodes to transmit data, rather than radio waves like Wi-Fi.
   
• World wide wireless web (WWWW), i.e. comprehensive wirelessbased web applications that include full multimedia capability beyond 4G speeds.

Features of 5G

• 5G technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user and bi- directional large bandwidth shaping.
• The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more attractive and effective.
• 5G technology also providing subscriber supervision tools for fast action.
• The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error.
•  technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which supporting almost 65,000 connections.
• 5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.
• The traffic statistics by 5G technology makes it more accurate.
• Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and fast solution.
• The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.
• The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed.
• The 5G technology also support virtual private network.
• The new 5G technology will take all delivery service out of businesS prospect.
• The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touching the peak.
• The 5G technology network offering enhanced and available connectivity
  just about the world. 

 Protocol Stack of 5G

Comparison with the OSI model:

 Open Wireless Architecture (OWA):

Physical layer + Data link layer = OWA

• OSI layer 1, i.e. Physical layer & OSI layer 2, i.e. Data link layer define the wireless technology.

• For these two layers the 5G mobile network is likely to be based on Open Wireless Architecture (OWA). 

Network Layer: 

• All mobile networks will use mobile IP.
• Each mobile terminal will be FA (Foreign Agent).
• A mobile can be attached to several mobiles or wireless networks at the same time.
• The fixed IPv6 will be implemented in the mobile phones.
• Separation of network layer into two sub-layers:
  • Lower Network Layer
  • Upper Network Layer

 Open Transport Protocol (OTP):

Transport layer + Session layer = OTP

• Wireless network differs from wired network regarding the transport layer.
• In all TCP versions the assumption is that lost segments are due to network congestion.
• In wireless, the loss is due to higher bit error ratio in the radio interface.
• 5G mobile terminals have transport layer that is possible to be downloaded & installed which is based on Open Transport Protocol.

Application Layer:

Presentation layer + Application layer = Application layer (5G)

• Provides intelligent QoS (Quality of Service) management over variety of networks.
• Provides possibility for service quality testing & storage of measurement information in information database in the mobile terminal.
• Select the best wireless connection for given services.
• QoS parameters, such as, delay, losses, BW, reliability, will be stored in DB (Database) of 5G mobile.